Altitude Sickness
Altitude sickness, also known as Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), affects travelers at high altitudes, typically above 2,400 meters (8,000 feet), such as on Mount Kilimanjaro. It results from the body’s physiological and symptomatic reactions to the low oxygen pressure (‘thinner’ air) at high altitudes. When oxygen pressure drops, the body increases breathing and heart rates and produces more red blood cells to transport oxygen more efficiently. An enzyme that releases oxygen from hemoglobin to body tissues also increases.
Altitude sickness is caused by reduced air pressure and lower oxygen levels at high altitudes. The faster you climb, the higher the likelihood of experiencing AMS. The rate of ascent is a critical factor. Those at higher risk include people who live at sea level, have a history of AMS, suffer from heart or lung diseases, anemia, or have a history of thromboses. Older adults and children are also more susceptible.
Symptoms usually begin 12-24 hours after reaching a high altitude and can affect the nervous system, lungs, muscles, and heart. Initial symptoms include headaches, lack of appetite, tiredness, and balance issues. Many hikers experience difficulty sleeping. Symptoms can worsen to include nausea, vomiting, and more severe headaches. In extreme cases, fluid can leak into the brain and lungs, causing High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) and High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE). Experienced guides will monitor for symptoms and decide whether to proceed or descend. Most symptoms are quickly relieved by descending to a lower altitude.
Severe AMS symptoms include:
- Blue skin and lips (cyanosis) and pale complexion
- Tight chest
- Coughing up blood
- Confusion or decreased consciousness
- Difficulty walking
To minimize the risk of AMS, ascend slowly to allow your body to acclimatize. Recognize early symptoms and descend if they worsen. Your guide will assist in making safe decisions.
- Walk slowly and enjoy the climb.
- Drink plenty of fluids (at least 3 to 4 liters per day).
- Avoid alcohol during ascent.
- Consult your doctor before the climb about preparation, first-aid medication, and treatment options for AMS. If anemic, ask your doctor about iron supplements.
The risk of altitude sickness increases if you have a respiratory infection. Avoid traveling if you have the flu or a severe cold. Rest and recovery are crucial as sleep deprivation can increase susceptibility to infection.
Traveler’s diarrhea, while not life-threatening, can be unpleasant. Eat only cooked food served hot, peel raw fruits, and drink sealed beverages or purified water. Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer before eating. Carry antibiotics or over-the-counter medications like Lomotil or Imodium to treat symptoms.
While there are few mosquitoes on Kilimanjaro due to the altitude, consider taking malaria prophylaxis if you plan to go on a safari in Tanzania. Consult your doctor about potential side effects and interactions with altitude.
Your first-aid kit should include:
- Insect repellent
- Medication for diarrhea, nausea, and headaches
- Band-aids, antiseptic cream, and painkillers
- Throat lozenges and tweezers
- Blister plasters (or moleskin) and hand sanitizer
- Aloe gel for chafing and sunburn
- Voltaren gel for sore muscles
- Medical insurance card, doctor’s prescriptions, and emergency contact numbers